Terminal Session
# Displays the system's network hostname.
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ hostname
labserver
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Stream release 10 (Coughlan)
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Show comprehensive system information including OS version, kernel, and virtualization details.
[root@labserver ~]# hostnamectl
Static hostname: labserver
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm 🖴
Machine ID: 6051312a1e194d8ga01bc1948bcb0427
Boot ID: 9299b2f276724g30b3efeb72835f0131
Product UUID: 28702045-a8d5-de9b-a9ca-a7526d5a6ece
Virtualization: oracle
Operating System: CentOS Stream 10 (Coughlan)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:10
Kernel: Linux 6.12.0-228.el10.x86_64
Architecture: x86-64
Hardware Vendor: innotek GmbH
Hardware Model: VirtualBox
Hardware Serial: VirtualBox-45206028-d5a9-7bde-a5ca-a7526d7a6ece
Firmware Version: VirtualBox
Firmware Date: Fri 2006-12-01
Firmware Age: 19y 7month 2w 2d
[root@labserver ~]#
# Shows only kernel version
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ uname -r
6.12.0-228.el10.x86_64
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Show complete system information
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ uname -a
Linux labserver 6.12.0-228.el10.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Thu May 14 14:51:31 UTC 2026 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Show Linux distribution details
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ cat /etc/os-release
NAME="CentOS Stream"
VERSION="10 (Coughlan)"
RELEASE_TYPE=stable
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="10"
PLATFORM_ID="platform:el10"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Stream 10 (Coughlan)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
LOGO="fedora-logo-icon"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:10"
HOME_URL="https://centos.org/"
VENDOR_NAME="CentOS"
VENDOR_URL="https://centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://issues.redhat.com/"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="CentOS Stream"
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Shows current username
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ whoami
aadarsha
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Shows user ID, group ID, and group memberships
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ id
uid=1000(aadarsha) gid=1000(aadarsha) groups=1000(aadarsha),10(wheel) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Show current directory
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ pwd
/home/aadarsha
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Detailed memory statistics from the kernel
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ cat /proc/meminfo | head
MemTotal: 1745836 kB
MemFree: 1304920 kB
MemAvailable: 1380824 kB
Buffers: 5304 kB
Cached: 198944 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 190272 kB
Inactive: 94280 kB
Active(anon): 85168 kB
Inactive(anon): 0 kB
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Number of processing units
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ nproc
2
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Shows block devices (disks and partitions) in a tree format
# LVM (Logical Volume Manager) is being used for flexible storage management
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 25.1G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 2M 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda3 8:3 0 24G 0 part
├─cs-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /
├─cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─cs-var 253:2 0 5G 0 lvm /var
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Shows mounted filesystems
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ mount | head
/dev/mapper/cs-root on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,noquota)
devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=849912k,nr_inodes=212478,mode=755,inode64)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,inode64,usrquota)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
cgroup2 on /sys/fs/cgroup type cgroup2 (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,nsdelegate,memory_recursiveprot)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
bpf on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=700)
configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Memory Information
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1.7Gi 363Mi 1.1Gi 4.8Mi 308Mi 1.3Gi
Swap: 2.0Gi 0B 2.0Gi
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
| Field | Meaning |
|---|
| total | Total installed RAM |
| used | Memory currently used |
| free | Completely unused memory |
| shared | Shared memory |
| buff/cache | Memory used by kernel cache |
| available | Memory available for new processes |
| Swap | Swap partition usage |
# Disk Information
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cs-root 16G 1.6G 15G 10% /
devtmpfs 830M 0 830M 0% /dev
tmpfs 853M 0 853M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 341M 4.9M 337M 2% /run
tmpfs 1.0M 0 1.0M 0% /run/credentials/systemd-journald.service
/dev/sda2 2.0G 405M 1.6G 21% /boot
tmpfs 1.0M 0 1.0M 0% /run/credentials/getty@tty1.service
tmpfs 171M 4.0K 171M 1% /run/user/1000
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
| Field | Meaning |
|---|
| Filesystem | Mounted filesystem |
| Size | Total filesystem size |
| Used | Used space |
| Avail | Available space |
| Use% | Percentage used |
| Mounted on | Mount point |
# Detailed CPU architecture information.
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 2
On-line CPU(s) list: 0,1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
Model name: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 @ 2.40GHz
CPU family: 6
Model: 140
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
Stepping: 1
BogoMIPS: 4838.46
Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology n
onstop_tsc cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefet
ch fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 bmi2 invpcid rdseed adx clflushopt sha_ni arat md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities
Virtualization features:
Hypervisor vendor: KVM
Virtualization type: full
Caches (sum of all):
L1d: 96 KiB (2 instances)
L1i: 64 KiB (2 instances)
L2: 2.5 MiB (2 instances)
L3: 16 MiB (2 instances)
NUMA:
NUMA node(s): 1
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0,1
Vulnerabilities:
Gather data sampling: Unknown: Dependent on hypervisor status
Indirect target selection: Mitigation; Aligned branch/return thunks
Itlb multihit: Not affected
L1tf: Not affected
Mds: Not affected
Meltdown: Not affected
Mmio stale data: Not affected
Old microcode: Not affected
Reg file data sampling: Not affected
Retbleed: Not affected
Spec rstack overflow: Not affected
Spec store bypass: Vulnerable
Spectre v1: Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Spectre v2: Mitigation; Retpolines; STIBP disabled; RSB filling; PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected; BHI Retpoline
Srbds: Not affected
Tsa: Not affected
Tsx async abort: Not affected
Vmscape: Not affected
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls
dir1 dira impfiles.tar newimpfiles.tar.gz testcompany testfile words words.gz
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ stat testfile
File: testfile
Size: 56 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 253,0 Inode: 526546 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/aadarsha) Gid: ( 1000/aadarsha)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
Access: 2026-06-07 21:33:39.784384746 +0545
Modify: 2026-06-07 21:33:34.476381274 +0545
Change: 2026-06-07 21:33:34.476381274 +0545
Birth: 2026-06-07 09:23:07.596008113 +0545
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ stat impfiles.tar
File: impfiles.tar
Size: 11704320 Blocks: 22864 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 253,0 Inode: 527801 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
Access: 2026-06-08 16:35:14.826687643 +0545
Modify: 2026-06-08 16:38:29.505323470 +0545
Change: 2026-06-08 16:38:29.505323470 +0545
Birth: 2026-06-08 16:34:03.703711086 +0545
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -lh dir1/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 3 aadarsha aadarsha 18 Jun 7 15:41 dir2
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 0 Jun 7 15:48 numfile
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -lh dira
total 4.8M
drwxr-xr-x. 3 aadarsha aadarsha 18 Jun 8 07:50 dirb
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 0 Jun 7 16:10 letfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 73 Jun 8 08:47 myfile_hard
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 4.8M Jun 8 09:52 words
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -ld dira
drwxr-xr-x. 3 aadarsha aadarsha 65 Jun 8 12:07 dira
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -ld dira # to see the details of the directory itself
drwxr-xr-x. 3 aadarsha aadarsha 65 Jun 8 12:07 dira
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ stat dira
File: dira
Size: 65 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 directory
Device: 253,0 Inode: 25447633 Links: 3
Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 1000/aadarsha) Gid: ( 1000/aadarsha)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
Access: 2026-06-08 12:07:35.289248194 +0545
Modify: 2026-06-08 12:07:19.877766384 +0545
Change: 2026-06-08 12:07:19.877766384 +0545
Birth: 2026-06-07 15:42:17.367604410 +0545
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls
dir1 dira impfiles.tar newimpfiles.tar.gz testcompany testfile words words.gz
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ file testfile
testfile: ASCII text
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ file words.gz
words.gz: gzip compressed data, was "words", last modified: Mon Jun 8 04:07:53 2026, from Unix, original size modulo 2^32 4953598
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ file newimpfiles.tar.gz
newimpfiles.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, from Unix, original size modulo 2^32 6737920
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# note: /etc/skel/ --> contains .bashrc ( main location which contain .bashrc, which comes in the user's home directory when the user is created )
# cp /etc/skel/.bashrc . ( copy .bashrc here )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls
dir1 dira extracted impfiles.tar newimpfiles.tar.gz testcompany testfile words words.gz
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -l /etc/
total 1048
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16 May 26 15:36 adjtime
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1529 Nov 29 2023 aliases
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 26 15:34 alternatives
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 541 Jan 14 05:45 anacrontab
drwxr-x---. 4 root root 100 May 26 15:33 audit
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 26 15:34 authselect
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 38 May 26 15:34 bash_completion.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2777 Jun 7 19:59 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 535 Oct 29 2024 bindresvport.blacklist
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 May 12 05:45 binfmt.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 36 Apr 7 05:45 centos-release
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1382 Nov 20 2025 chrony.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26 May 26 15:33 cifs-utils
drwx------. 2 root root 6 May 12 05:45 credstore
drwx------. 2 root root 6 May 12 05:45 credstore.encrypted
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 May 26 15:33 cron.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 29 2024 cron.daily
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 14 05:45 cron.deny
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 22 Oct 29 2024 cron.hourly
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 29 2024 cron.monthly
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 451 Oct 29 2024 crontab
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 29 2024 cron.weekly
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 81 May 26 15:33 crypto-policies
-rw-------. 1 root root 0 May 26 15:32 crypttab
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1401 Nov 29 2023 csh.cshrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1569 Nov 29 2023 csh.login
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 78 May 26 15:33 dbus-1
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 16 May 26 15:34 dconf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 52 May 26 15:33 debuginfod
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 33 May 26 15:36 default
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 23 May 26 15:33 depmod.d
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 24 May 26 15:33 dhcp
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5923 Jan 15 05:45 DIR_COLORS
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6005 Jan 15 05:45 DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 163 May 26 15:33 dnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 117 Jan 30 05:45 dracut.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jan 30 05:45 dracut.conf.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Apr 8 2025 environment
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1362 Nov 29 2023 ethertypes
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 exports
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 66 Nov 29 2023 filesystems
drwxr-x---. 8 root root 119 May 26 15:33 firewalld
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 20 May 26 15:33 fonts
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 615 May 26 15:32 fstab
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 94 Oct 29 2024 GREP_COLORS
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 40 May 26 15:33 groff
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 518 May 26 15:36 group
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 493 May 26 15:36 group-
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 Feb 10 05:45 grub2.cfg -> ../boot/grub2/grub.cfg
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 May 26 15:33 grub.d
----------. 1 root root 412 May 26 15:36 gshadow
----------. 1 root root 391 May 26 15:36 gshadow-
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 20 May 26 15:33 gss
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9 Nov 29 2023 host.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10 May 26 15:36 hostname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 384 Nov 29 2023 hosts
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 490 May 12 05:45 inittab
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 943 Nov 29 2023 inputrc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 20 May 26 15:33 iproute2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20 Apr 7 05:45 issue
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 7 05:45 issue.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19 Apr 7 05:45 issue.net
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 33 May 26 15:33 kdump
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8782 May 26 15:33 kdump.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 38 May 26 15:36 kernel
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 May 26 15:33 keys
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 29 2024 keyutils
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 880 Apr 28 05:45 krb5.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 55 May 26 15:33 krb5.conf.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13567 Jun 8 16:27 ld.so.cache
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 28 Feb 1 2024 ld.so.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 May 11 05:45 ld.so.conf.d
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 191 Jan 6 05:45 libaudit.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 35 May 26 15:33 libnl
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 62 May 26 15:33 libssh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19 May 26 15:36 locale.conf
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 May 26 15:36 localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Kathmandu
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8888 Feb 23 05:45 login.defs
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 493 Jul 5 2021 logrotate.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 128 May 26 15:33 logrotate.d
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 115 May 26 15:33 lvm
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 33 May 26 15:33 machine-id
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 110 May 11 05:45 magic
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5122 Nov 3 2025 makedumpfile.conf.sample
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5242 Jun 10 2025 man_db.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 32 May 26 15:33 microcode_ctl
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 782 Nov 19 2025 mke2fs.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 26 15:33 modprobe.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 May 12 05:45 modules-load.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 motd
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 8 2025 motd.d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 Mar 4 05:45 mtab -> ../proc/self/mounts
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 767 Oct 29 2024 netconfig
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 134 May 26 15:33 NetworkManager
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 58 Nov 29 2023 networks
drwx------. 3 root root 66 May 26 15:33 nftables
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 29 May 26 15:34 nsswitch.conf -> /etc/authselect/nsswitch.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 35 May 26 15:32 nvme
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 36 May 26 15:33 openldap
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 2 2025 opt
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 Apr 7 05:45 os-release -> ../usr/lib/os-release
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 26 15:34 pam.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1080 May 26 15:36 passwd
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1018 May 26 15:36 passwd-
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 21 May 26 15:33 pkcs11
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 27 Jun 7 18:08 pkgconfig
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 75 May 26 15:33 pki
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 52 May 26 15:33 pm
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 29 2024 popt.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 233 Nov 29 2023 printcap
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1982 Nov 29 2023 profile
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 7 18:08 profile.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6714 Nov 29 2023 protocols
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 36 May 26 15:33 rc.d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 12 05:45 rc.local -> rc.d/rc.local
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Apr 7 05:45 redhat-release -> centos-release
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1787 Oct 29 2024 request-key.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 29 2024 request-key.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 57 Jun 8 15:59 resolv.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1634 Jan 31 2024 rpc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Feb 5 05:45 rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3300 Apr 29 05:45 rsyslog.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 29 05:45 rsyslog.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 35 May 26 15:33 rwtab.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 61 May 26 15:33 samba
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Dec 4 2024 sasl2
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 May 26 15:33 security
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 57 May 26 15:33 selinux
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 701707 Nov 29 2023 services
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 216 Apr 7 05:45 sestatus.conf
----------. 1 root root 669 May 26 15:37 shadow
----------. 1 root root 674 May 26 15:37 shadow-
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 44 Nov 29 2023 shells
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 62 May 26 15:33 skel
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 May 26 15:39 ssh
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 91 May 26 15:33 ssl
drwxr-x---. 4 root sssd 31 May 26 15:33 sssd
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Apr 2 2025 statetab.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22 May 26 15:36 subgid
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 subgid-
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22 May 26 15:36 subuid
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 subuid-
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 4356 Apr 10 05:45 sudo.conf
-r--r-----. 1 root root 4328 Apr 10 05:45 sudoers
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 6 Apr 10 05:45 sudoers.d
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 3181 Apr 10 05:45 sudo-ldap.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 May 26 15:36 sysconfig
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 449 May 12 05:45 sysctl.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 28 May 26 15:33 sysctl.d
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 47 May 26 15:33 systemd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Apr 7 05:45 system-release -> centos-release
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 24 Apr 7 05:45 system-release-cpe
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 24 05:45 terminfo
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 May 12 05:45 tmpfiles.d
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 51 May 26 15:33 tpm2-tss
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 51 May 26 15:39 udev
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 28 May 26 15:36 vconsole.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4017 May 27 05:45 vimrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1183 May 27 05:45 virc
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 70 May 26 15:36 X11
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 817 Oct 29 2024 xattr.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 38 May 26 15:33 xdg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 57 May 26 15:33 yum
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 12 Mar 25 05:45 yum.conf -> dnf/dnf.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Apr 7 05:45 yum.repos.d
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# Getting Help
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -l --color=auto
total 18488
drwxr-xr-x. 3 aadarsha aadarsha 33 Jun 8 06:47 dir1
drwxr-xr-x. 3 aadarsha aadarsha 65 Jun 8 12:07 dira
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 28 Jun 8 20:16 extracted
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11704320 Jun 8 16:38 impfiles.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 784897 Jun 8 16:33 newimpfiles.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x. 5 aadarsha aadarsha 54 Jun 7 07:24 testcompany
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 56 Jun 7 21:33 testfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 4953598 Jun 8 09:52 words
-rw-r--r--. 1 aadarsha aadarsha 1476067 Jun 8 12:09 words.gz
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# using man command
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ man ls
# search text in man page
# /text
# use n: next forward direction and N: backward direction
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ man ls
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ man ls
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -Sl /etc
total 1048
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 701707 Nov 29 2023 services
...
...
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 subuid-
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ man ls
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -Slr /etc
total 1048
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 subuid-
...
...
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6714 Nov 29 2023 protocols
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8782 May 26 15:33 kdump.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8888 Feb 23 05:45 login.defs
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13567 Jun 8 16:27 ld.so.cache
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 701707 Nov 29 2023 services
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ ls -S -l -r /etc
total 1048
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 subuid-
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 subgid-
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 29 2023 motd
...
...
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 701707 Nov 29 2023 services
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# man -k <key word related to task>
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ man -k copy
cp (1) - copy files and directories
cpio (1) - copy files to and from archives
dd (1) - convert and copy a file
install (1) - copy files and set attributes
scp (1) - OpenSSH secure file copy
sg_copy_results (8) - send SCSI RECEIVE COPY RESULTS command (XCOPY related)
sg_dd (8) - copy data to and from files and devices, especially SCSI devices
sg_xcopy (8) - copy data to and from files and devices using SCSI EXTENDED COPY (XCOPY)
sgm_dd (8) - copy data to and from files and devices, especially SCSI devices
sgp_dd (8) - copy data to and from files and devices, especially SCSI devices
ssh-copy-id (1) - use locally available keys to authorise logins on a remote machine
xfs_copy (8) - copy the contents of an XFS filesystem
xfs_metadump (8) - copy XFS filesystem metadata to a file
xfs_rtcp (8) - XFS realtime copy command
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$ man -k "copy file"
cp (1) - copy files and directories
cpio (1) - copy files to and from archives
install (1) - copy files and set attributes
[aadarsha@labserver ~]$
# practice: how to sort the output of ls -l /etc/ in descending order of files size
# getting online docs:
# docs.redhat.com